Credits

01 Footage

Clips under Creative Commons licenses are used under those licenses, and where a clip is licensed CC BY-SA, our edited version is shared under the same license. Clips from NASA and the Wellcome Collection are in the public domain and are credited as a courtesy. Every clip is trimmed, re-encoded without sound at up to 1080p, with a smaller version for phones, and shown cropped to fit: the clips play at the top of our home page, and still frames taken from them close each page. The footage carries no captions, so this page is where each one is credited. Any other change is noted below. Crediting a creator here does not mean they endorse Essarion.

• Phobos transit 2 April 2022 by NASA/JPL-Caltech, from the Perseverance rover, public domain. An 11-second excerpt from 0:09.
• Earth-solar-array-timelapse by NASA, public domain. An 8-second excerpt from 0:01.
• Flock of starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) by Karen Roe, CC BY 2.0. An 8-second excerpt from 0:12.
• Drosophila cleavage and gastrulation by Bruno C. Vellutini, CC BY-SA 4.0. An 8-second excerpt from 0:04, with the time stamp and scale bar removed.
• SDO Video Toolkit (SVS14126 - Canyon of Fire New-Slow) by NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio (Scott Wiessinger, Tom Bridgman), public domain. An 8-second excerpt from 0:02.
• The Eagle Has Landed, The Flight of Apollo 11, 1969 by NASA, from the U.S. National Archives, public domain. Two 8-second excerpts, from 22:10 and 22:49, cropped to the picture inside the film’s black bars.
• Tissue culture by phase contrast by A. F. W. Hughes (1946), from the Wellcome Collection, public domain. A 6-second excerpt from 2:08.
• Melting Snowflakes by asallaha, CC BY 3.0. A 5-second excerpt from 0:09, slowed to 0.8 speed, with the black bars at its sides cropped.

The footage on our Kinema page, and beside Kinema on our research and home pages, was made by Kinema: simulations it rolled forward from a real starting frame, and its renders of single cells, shown beside the real cells. The microscopy it started from was published by the Cell Tracking Challenge, and we thank the laboratories that recorded it. We cropped the clips to their picture, enlarged them, and removed our own titles and charts.

• Pancreatic stem cells on a polystyrene substrate (PhC-C2DL-PSC), by Dr. T. Becker and Dr. D. Rapoport, Fraunhofer Institution for Marine Biotechnology, Lübeck. The two simulated cultures.
• HeLa cells on a flat glass (DIC-C2DH-HeLa), by Dr. G. van Cappellen, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam. The dividing HeLa cell.
• GFP-GOWT1 mouse stem cells (Fluo-N2DH-GOWT1), by Dr. E. Bártová, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno. The stem-cell nucleus.

02 Photographs

Most of the photographs on our inner pages, and one beside our research, are NASA mission photography from the NASA Image and Video Library. Images made by NASA are not protected by copyright in the United States; we credit each one as a courtesy, and NASA does not endorse Essarion. Each is resized and cropped to fit its panel; nothing else is changed.

• One-third of Earth’s sphere, seen from the Apollo 11 spacecraft, Apollo 11, July 1969. NASA. Public domain.
• Earth rises over the lunar horizon, Apollo 16, April 1972. NASA. Public domain.
• Sunrise and Earth’s limb, Gemini 7, December 1965. NASA. Public domain.
• Earth’s limb at sunrise, Gemini 9-A, June 1966. NASA. Public domain.
• Crescents large and small: Saturn and Rhea, Cassini, 2010. NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute. Public domain.
• Pluto’s blue sky, New Horizons, 2015. NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute. Public domain.

The BEM-2 page, and its story on our home page, use a micrograph rather than a mission photograph:

• The twin brothers by Velichko AK, 2017, CC BY 4.0. The nuclei of two human cells caught as they divide, stained for heterochromatin protein 1a (red) and histone H2AX (green). Resized, and set on a wider field of its own black to fit the panel; the cells themselves are unchanged.

Essarion Science is pictured with micrographs of human cells, on its own page and beside it on our home page. Each is cropped and resized to fit its panel; the colours are the microscopists’ own.

• SK8/18-2 human derived cells, fluorescence microscopy by ZEISS Microscopy, 2016, CC BY 2.0. Vimentin, part of each cell’s internal scaffolding, in green and the nuclei in blue. The scale bar is cropped out.
• Osteosarcoma cells stained for actin, microtubules, and nuclei (dark) by Howard Vindin, 2013, CC BY 4.0. Human bone-cancer cells, with microtubules in green, actin in blue and the nuclei in red.

ResearchAnything and Sourcipedia are pictured with laboratory photographs, on their own pages and beside them on our home page, and a cloud chamber sits beside “Most answers already exist” on our home page. Each is cropped and resized to fit its panel; the colours are the photographers’ own. Where a photograph is licensed CC BY-SA, our cropped version is shared under the same license.

• Particle Tracks in AWAN Expansion Cloud Chamber by Kebuk awan, 2021, CC BY-SA 4.0. Alpha particles from an americium-241 source, seen as trails of condensation in an expansion cloud chamber. Cropped to the left of the original’s two photographs.
• Лимонная кислота 8 (Citric acid 8) by Alexander Klepnev, 2018, CC BY 4.0. Citric acid crystals grown from water, photographed through a microscope between crossed polarisers.
• Парацетамол 2 (Paracetamol 2) by Alexander Klepnev, 2019, CC BY 4.0. Paracetamol crystals grown from water, photographed through a microscope between crossed polarisers.
• Physarum polycephalum exploration by Tim Tim (VD fr), 2021, CC BY-SA 4.0. A slime mould exploring its Petri dish.
• Physarum polycephalum macro by Tim Tim (VD fr), 2021, CC BY-SA 4.0. A slime mould reaching across a dish. Converted from WebP to JPEG.

03 The short film

Ask harder questions, the film further down our home page, is made only from public-domain footage and recordings from NASA and the U.S. National Archives, with an original score made for it with Suno. We trimmed and retimed the footage, cropped it to the frame, graded it, and added one film texture over everything. Where film was shot at 6, 10 or 12 frames a second, the in-between frames were rebuilt from its own frames, and the Artemis II footage was steadied. The mission photographs that appear are as they appear in the 1969 film. NASA does not endorse Essarion, and nothing in the film is meant to suggest it does.

• The Eagle Has Landed, The Flight of Apollo 11, 1969 by NASA, from the U.S. National Archives, public domain. The Earth above the Moon, the Saturn V, the descent, and most of the Apollo 11 montage.
• Apollo 11 16 mm onboard film, magazine 1080-I by NASA, as transferred for the Apollo Flight Journal, public domain. The landing, from Aldrin’s window, with the Journal’s info panels cropped off.
• One Small Step by NASA, its 2009 restoration of the Apollo 11 television, public domain. Armstrong’s first step, and his words.
• Apollo 11 25th Anniversary “B” Roll Footage by NASA Kennedy Space Center, public domain. The Moon under “Because they are hard” and several moments in the montage.
• Apollo 11 launch, video of engines at 500 fps (camera E-8) by NASA, public domain.
• Apollo 4 separation of interstage ring by NASA, public domain.
• Perseverance Rover’s Descent and Touchdown on Mars by NASA/JPL-Caltech, public domain.
• OSIRIS-REx Tags Asteroid Bennu by NASA/Goddard/University of Arizona, public domain.
• DART impact replay by NASA/Johns Hopkins APL, public domain.
• Goodnight Earth by NASA Johnson Space Center, filmed by the Artemis II crew, April 2026, public domain. Picture only.
• Voices: the Apollo 8 crew seeing the Earth rise (Earthrise conversation); the Apollo 11 countdown, landing calls and “The Eagle has landed” (NASA Historical Sounds and the Apollo Lunar Surface Journal); and President John F. Kennedy at Rice University, 1962 (NASA Historical Sounds). All NASA recordings, public domain.

04 Type and code

Text is set in Manrope by Mikhail Sharanda, licensed under the SIL Open Font License 1.1 and served by Google Fonts. Smooth scrolling uses Lenis by darkroom.engineering, under the MIT License. The film streams with hls.js, under the Apache License 2.0.

05 Corrections

If you made something credited here and would like the credit changed, or your work removed, write to hello@essarion.com and we will fix it.